Variaciones en el consumo de medicamentos para la salud mental en una unidad de atención primaria brasileña: ¿hay influencia de la pandemia? / Variations in the consumption of mental health medications in a brazilian primary care unit: is there influence of the pandemic?

Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha generado la necesidad de ajustes y adaptaciones en diversas áreas, desde el comportamiento hasta la normativa, con grandes repercusiones en términos de salud pública. Objetivo: Comparar los consumos promedio mensuales (CPM) de medicamentos de control especial utilizados para la salud mental antes y durante la pandemia en una Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS) en el Distrito Federal, Brasil. Métodos: Los consumos se obtuvieron a través del sistema de gestión de inventarios local y el CPM (±desviación estándar) se calculó sin tener en cuenta los meses de desabastecimiento, considerando el período de 2020 a 2022. Como parámetro comparativo, se utilizó el CPM±DE de 2019. Resultados: Se analizaron los consumos de 32 medicamentos, siendo la mayoría antiepilépticos (N=10; 31,2 %), antidepresivos (N=10; 31,2 %) y antipsicóticos (N=8; 25,0 %). Se observó que más de la mitad de los medicamentos analizados (n=18; 56,3 %) mantuvieron un aumento en el consumo a lo largo de los años de la pandemia. Conclusión: Hubo una variación significativa en el consumo de medicamentos sujetos a control especial en la UBS durante la pandemia. Estos resultados pueden estar asociados a diversos factores, como el aumento de los cuadros clínicos que justifican su prescripción, en línea con la literatura actual sobre el impacto potencial del aislamiento social y las medidas tomadas por las autoridades competentes para contener la propagación del virus SARS-COV-2. (AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has generated the need for adjustments and adaptations in various areas, from behaviour to regulations, with significant repercussions in terms of public health. Objective: To compare the monthly average consumption (MAC) of special control medications used for mental health before and during the pandemic in a Basic Health Unit (UBS) in the Federal District, Brazil. Methods: Consumption data were obtained through the local inventory management system, and the MAC (±stan-dard deviation) was calculated excluding months of stockouts, considering the period from 2020 to 2022. The MAC±SD of 2019 was used as a comparative parameter. Results: Consumption of 32 medications was analyzed, with the majority being antiepileptics (N=10; 31.2 %), anti-depressants (N=10; 31.2 %), and antipsychotics (N=8; 25.0 %). It was observed that more than half of the analyzed medications (n=18; 56.3 %) maintained an increase in consumption throughout the pandemic years. Conclusion: There was a significant variation in the consumption of special control medications at the UBS during the pandemic. These results may be associated with various factors, such as the increase in clinical conditions justi-fying their prescription, in line with current literature on the potential impact of social isolation and measures taken by competent authorities to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (AU)

Availability of emergency contraception in large Brazilian municipalities: a guaranteed right?

Introduction: Emergency Contraception (EC) is available in Brazil since 1996, when it was adopted as one if the family planning strategies and, in 1998, for use in services assisting victims of sexual violence. In the country, its use is regulated by guidelines. Its access through SUS (Unified Health System), however, does not seem to occur in a standardized manner. Methods: The aim of the study was to analyze the availability and barriers to accessing emergency contraception (levonorgestrel) in Brazilian municipalities with more than 500 thousand inhabitants. The survey was carried out by a form sent to the Municipal Health Departments (SMS) managers and a search on the list of standardized medicines by the hospitals in the same municipalities. Results: The Basic Health Units were identified as the standard access places to EC. However, one of the obstacles mentioned is the need for a prescription for dispensing in almost 80% of the analyzed cities. Access in emergency situations at night and on weekends is also uncertain, since although 67% of the places stated that they dispense at the hospital level, the item was only standardized in 21% of the hospital lists. Discussion: The difficult access this drug in the public system essentially tends to harm the poorest women, who are the ones who suffer most from the consequences of an unwanted pregnancy.

Compounded drugs as an alternative to the therapeutical gaps of inborn errors of metabolism

Abstract Inborn errors of metabolism are rare disorders with few therapeutic options for their treatments, which can make patients suffer with complications. Therefore, compounded drugs might be a promising option given that they have the ability of meeting the patient's specific needs, (i) identification of the main drugs described in the literature; (ii) proposal of compounding systems and (iii) calculation of the budgetary addition for the inclusion of these drugs into the Brazilian Unified Health System. The research conducted a literature review and used management data as well as data obtained from official Federal District government websites. The study identified 31 drugs for the treatment of inborn errors of metabolism. Fifty eight percent (58%) (18) of the medicines had their current demand identified, which are currently unmet by the local Health System. The estimated budget for the production of compounded drugs was of R$363,16.98 per year for approximately 300 patients. This estimated cost represents a budgetary addition of only 0.17% from the total of expenditures planned for drug acquirement. There is a therapeutic gap for inborn errors of metabolism and compounding pharmacies show potential in ensuring access to medicine therapy with a low-cost investment.

Medicine manipulation: An alternative to mitigate therapeutic gaps in the Brazilian Unified Health System?

Despite the various initiatives carried out in Brazil and in the world, the challenge of offering essential medicines in adequate presentations remains, especially to the public affected by diseases considered neglected and the pediatric population, for whom the therapeutic options remain limited. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the production of manipulated medicines as a strategy to mitigate therapeutic and access gaps to essential medicines within the Brazilian public health system, called the Unified Health System (SUS). The evaluation, carried out between 2020 and 2021, identified, among the medicines considered essential to the Brazilian health context, those unavailable, for which strategies were evaluated to mitigate the identified unavailability, which is conventionally called therapeutic gaps. For 57% (n = 235) of pharmaceutical presentations identified as therapeutic gaps in SUS, manipulation was identified as the best strategy to promote access. Of these presentations, 30% (n = 70) were identified as priorities in the context of patient care and were mainly related to the demands of the pediatric public and those affected by poverty-related diseases. Concerning poverty-related diseases, the absence of evidence on the development of a standard formula for drugs with indication for such diseases was demonstrated. The need for an annual investment of approximately US$74.75 per capita was estimated to offer treatments in adequate presentations to SUS users, which should reflect in the improvement of the quality of life of about 26 thousand people. It was observed that this investment amount corresponds to only 3% of the budget for the purchase of medicines financed exclusively by the Ministry of Health thorugh the Strategic Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance (CESAF) approved for 2021.

A lacuna regulatória de medicamentos órfãos impacta na disponibilidade de alternativas terapêuticas no Brasil?

Introdução: A regulação de registros específicos para os chamados "medicamentos órfãos" tem sido uma estratégia das maiores agências de medicamentos do mundo para fomentar o acesso e monitoramento de tratamento para doenças e agravos de pouca prevalência ou interesse mercadológico. Objetivos: Esse estudo visou identificar o perfil dos medicamentos que se enquadram nessa categoria internacionalmente explorar possíveis lacunas de registro gerados pela ausência de uma norma sanitária específica no Brasil. Métodos: Foram analisadas as bases de dados de registro de medicamentos órfãos de países da União Europeia e dos Estados Unidos da América e os resultados foram comparados com a base registros da Agência brasileira. Resultados: Foram identificados 369 medicamentos registrados como órfãos nos órgãos europeu e estadunidense totalizando 801 indicações clínicas. A maior parte dos medicamentos registrados no âmbito internacional era de agentes anti-neoplásicos e imunomoduladores (N=135; 36,59 %) e de medicamentos que agiam no aparelho digestivo e metabolismo (N=48; 13,01 %). Dos medicamentos órfãos registrados e comercializados no âmbito internacional, quase metade, 177 (47,97 %), não apresentavam registros ativos no Brasil e atendem a 327 indicações clínicas (40,82 %). Conclusão: O Brasil deve analisar afundo os impactos da ausência de um fluxo de registro medicamentos órfãos, que pode afetar diretamente no acesso de tratamento para determinadas doenças raras e negligenciadas.

SUMMARY Introduction: The regulation of specific registrations for the so-called "orphan drugs" has been a strategy of the largest drug agencies in the world to promote access and monitoring of treatment for diseases and conditions of low prevalence or market interest. Aims: This study aimed to identify the profile of drugs that fall into this category internationally and explore possible gaps in registration generated by the absence of a specific health standard in Brazil. Methods: Orphan drug registration databases from countries of the European Union and the United States of America were analyzed and the results were compared with the database of the Brazilian Agency. Results: A total of 369 drugs registered as orphans in European and US agencies were identified, totaling 801 clinical indications. Most of the drugs registered internationally were antineoplastic agents and immunomodulators (N=135; 36.59 %) and drugs that acted on the digestive system and metabolism (N=48; 13.01 %). Of the orphan drugs registered and marketed internationally, almost half, 177 (47.97 %), did not have active registrations in Brazil and meet 327 clinical indications (40.82 %). Conclusion: Brazil must analyze in depth the impacts of the absence of an orphan drug registration flow, which can directly affect access to treatment for certain rare and neglected diseases.

Introducción: La regulación de registros específicos para los denominados "medicamentos huérfanos" ha sido una estrategia de las agencias de drogas más grandes del mundo promover el acceso y seguimiento del tratamiento de enfermedades y condiciones de poca prevalencia o interés de mercado. Objetivos: Identificar el perfil de las drogas que entran en esta categoría a nivel internacional explorar posibles lagunas en los registros generadas por la ausencia de un estándar sistema de salud específico en Brasil. Métodos: Las bases de datos de registro de medicamentos huérfanos de países de la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos da América y los resultados fueron comparados con la base de registros de la Agencia Brasileña. Resultados: Se identificaron 369 medicamentos registrados como huérfanos en órganos europeos y americanos, totalizando 801 indicaciones clínicas. La mayor parte de los medicamentos registrados a nivel internacional fueron agentes antineoplásicos e inmunomoduladores (N=135; 36,59%) y fármacos que actuaron en el aparato digestivo y metabolismo (N=48; 13,01%). De medicamentos huérfanos registrados y vendidos internacionalmente, casi la mitad, 177 (47,97 %), no tenía registros activos en Brasil y atendió 327 indicaciones clínicas (40,82%). Conclusión: Brasil debe analizar en profundidad los impactos de la ausencia de un flujo de registro de medicamentos huérfanos, que puede afectar directamente el acceso al tratamiento para ciertas enfermedades raras y desatendidas.

Comparative analysis of the use and control of thalidomide in Brazil and different countries: is it possible to say there is safety?

INTRODUCTION: One of the biggest drug disasters in history has not prevented thalidomide from being used to treat various clinical conditions. Currently, Brazil has a worrying scenario: high consumption of the drug and, cases of pregnant women using thalidomide, even after adopting restrictive legislation. AREAS COVERED: This review of the literature and legislation sought to comparatively analyze the monitoring of thalidomide use in Brazil and other countries that use this drug. Finally, we discuss the differences between the countries. EXPERT OPINION: This analysis allows us to think beyond the safe use of thalidomide, but the safety provided by any type of monitoring system. It seems that out-patients that use unsafe drugs are exposed to some degree of risk. To improve safety, more extensive improvements are needed than monitoring systems related to the use of thalidomide. Its safe use depends on a drastic reduction in the incidence of leprosy and Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in the world; investment in research and development of safe and effective therapeutic alternatives to thalidomide; improvement of health systems and their health surveillance systems, particularly in primary health care; awareness of health professionals and patients for greater responsibility in the use of medicines, especially thalidomide.

Evaluation of pharmaceutical care in Brazilian primary health services settings: expanding objects and approaches

Abstract The objective of this work is to reflect on the objects and approaches usually employed in the evaluation of pharmaceutical care and their potential applicability in primary care settings. We conducted the review of the literature, and, to exemplify the advantages of expanding these objects and approaches, a real-world problem situation was selected: morbidity and mortality related to lack of treatment adherence by hypertensive patients in Brazilian primary health care services. Our reflections highlight the need to evaluate the effects of interventions, understood within Donabedian's normative model as 'outcomes,' which can be clinical, humanistic, or economic. Our findings show that most published studies, even those that set out to report outcomes, actually evaluate processes, such as number of visits, number of problems identified, types of problems, or acts of the practice performed by pharmacists. On the other hand, we also identify a need for study designs and indicators to enable 'finer' normative assessment. We also discuss the importance of shifting research toward an evaluative paradigm to allow strategic, logic, effects, production, efficiency, and implementation analyses. Finally, we suggest some possible indicators to evaluate pharmaceutical care interventions in the selected problem situation, through an extension of the objects and approaches proposed.

The organization, weaknesses, and challenges of the control of thalidomide in Brazil: A review.

The drug thalidomide has resurged in the world market under restrictive conditions for marketing and use. In Brazil, there are still cases of pregnant women using thalidomide even after the implementation of laws that regulate the control of use (Law No. 10.651/2003 and Collegiate Board Resolution No. 11/2011). The objective of this study was to discuss the control of thalidomide use in Brazil, based on a scoping review of the scientific literature, documents, and data from the Ministry of Health. A total of 51 studies and documents related to the following subthemes were selected: (1) organization of access and use of thalidomide in the health system; (2) epidemiological and population characteristics of people affected by leprosy; and (3) occurrence of pregnancy and cases of embryopathy with the use of thalidomide. The results showed that Brazil has no unified information database about thalidomide patients. Furthermore, there is inconsistency in the accreditation of public health centers that dispense this medicine, in a country that has a high consumption of thalidomide in the Unified Health System. A large part of this amount of dispensed medicine is intended for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum, mainly in the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions of the country, which are endemic for leprosy. This disease is the only one among the clinical indications of the medicine approved in Brazil that does not have a Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines. The control of thalidomide use in Brazil presents historical regulatory failures. These are currently linked to the organization and structure of primary healthcare in the country, as well as to the lack of leadership of the Ministry of Health and National Health Surveillance Agency when it comes to managing the process of control of this use.

The different clinical guideline standards in Brazil: High cost treatment diseases versus poverty-related diseases.

Each year, evidence-based clinical guidelines gain more space in the health professionals' practice and in services organization. Due to the scarcity of scientific publications focused on diseases of poverty, the development of well-founded clinical guidelines becomes more and more important. In view of that, this paper aims to evaluate the quality of Brazilian guidelines for those diseases. The AGREE II method was used to evaluate 16 guidelines for poverty-related diseases (PRD) and 16 guidelines for global diseases whose treatment require high-cost technologies (HCD), with the ultimate aim of comparing the results. It was found that, in general, the guideline development quality standard is higher for the HCD guidelines than for the PRD guidelines, with emphasis on the "rigour of development" (48% and 7%) and "editorial independence" (43% and 1%) domains, respectively, which had the greatest discrepancies. The HCD guidelines showed results close to or above international averages, whereas the PRD guidelines showed lower results in the 6 domains evaluated. It can be concluded that clinical protocol development priorities need some redirecting in order to qualify the guidelines that define the healthcare organization and the care of vulnerable populations.

The regulation and adoption of health technologies under Brazil's Unified Health System: barriers to access to medicines for diseases of poverty? / Registro e incorporação de tecnologias no SUS: barreiras de acesso a medicamentos para doenças da pobreza?

The study aimed to examine the regulation and adoption of health technologies for the diseases of poverty in the Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS). An exploratory, descriptive study was conducted between January and May 2016 consisting of the search and analysis of relevant documents on the websites of Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the National Commission for the Adoption of Technologies by the SUS, and Saúde Legis (the Ministry of Health's Legislation System). The 2014 version of the Brazilian National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME, acronym in Portuguese) contained 132 medicines for diseases of poverty. Over one-third of these (49) had only one national producer, while 24 were not registered in the country. The number of medicines contained in the RENAME dedicated to this group of diseases increased by 46% between 2006 and 2014. Despite advances in the regulation and incorporation of technologies by the SUS, given the lack of market interest and neglect of diseases of poverty, the government has a vital role to play in ensuring access to the best available therapies in order to reduce health inequalities. It therefore follows that Brazil needs to improve the regulation of medicines that do not attract market interest.

Registro e incorporação de tecnologias no SUS: barreiras de acesso a medicamentos para doenças da pobreza? / The regulation and adoption of health technologies under Brazil´s Unified Health System: barriers to access to medicines for diseases of poverty?

Resumo O presente trabalho buscou verificar os aspectos relacionados ao registro sanitário e à incorporação de tecnologias no SUS para as doenças da pobreza. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, descritivo, desenvolvido entre janeiro e maio de 2016, em que foram realizados levantamentos e análises de documentos nos sítios eletrônicos da Anvisa, FDA, EMA, Conitec e Sistema Saúde Legis. Verificou-se um total de 132 medicamentos elencados na Rename 2014 para atendimento específico das doenças da pobreza, sendo que mais de um terço (49) possuem apenas um produtor nacional e outros 24 não possuem registro no país. No período de 2006 a 2014 houve crescimento de 46% do número de medicamentos na Rename para tais doenças. Apesar dos avanços do SUS nos campos da regulação e incorporação de tecnologias, dado o desinteresse de mercado e a condição de negligência para as doenças da pobreza, a atuação do Estado é imprescindível para garantir o acesso às melhores terapias disponíveis, visando à redução das iniquidades em saúde. Infere-se que o Brasil precisa avançar na regulação e incorporação de medicamentos sem interesse mercadológico, agenda inconclusa que pode gerar barreiras de acesso às tecnologias para as populações vulneráveis.

Abstract The study aimed to examine the regulation and adoption of health technologies for the diseases of poverty in the Brazil’s Unified Health System (SUS). An exploratory, descriptive study was conducted between January and May 2016 consisting of the search and analysis of relevant documents on the websites of Brazil’s National Health Surveillance Agency, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the National Commission for the Adoption of Technologies by the SUS, and Saúde Legis (the Ministry of Health’s Legislation System). The 2014 version of the Brazilian National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME, acronym in Portuguese) contained 132 medicines for diseases of poverty. Over one-third of these (49) had only one national producer, while 24 were not registered in the country. The number of medicines contained in the RENAME dedicated to this group of diseases increased by 46% between 2006 and 2014. Despite advances in the regulation and incorporation of technologies by the SUS, given the lack of market interest and neglect of diseases of poverty, the government has a vital role to play in ensuring access to the best available therapies in order to reduce health inequalities. It therefore follows that Brazil needs to improve the regulation of medicines that do not attract market interest.

Prioridades da pesquisa clínica com medicamentos no Brasil e as doenças da pobreza / Priorities of clinical drug trials in Brazil and neglected diseases of poverty

Objetivo. Identificar os ensaios clínicos com medicamentos realizados no Brasil entre 2012 e 2015, com destaque para os que envolvem doenças da pobreza. Método. Foram pesquisados os repositórios de ensaios clínicos ReBEC e ClinicalTrials.gov. Verificou-se a distribuição dos ensaios clínicos identificados em relação à carga de doenças do país e em relação ao grau de iniquidade (doenças da pobreza vs. doenças não vinculadas à pobreza). Também foram investigadas as fases dos ensaios clínicos, as instituições que conduziram os ensaios e o tipo de financiamento (privado, público ou misto). Resultados. Foram incluídos 866 ensaios clínicos, 88 identificados no ReBEC e 778 no ClinicalTrials.gov; 73 (8,5%) eram de fase I, 610 (70,5%) de fases II e III e 183 (21%) de fase IV. Foram identificados 38 ensaios (4%) enfocando as doenças relacionadas à pobreza. Quanto à carga de doenças, 734 (84,8%) ensaios abordaram as doenças não transmissíveis, que de fato representam a maior carga de doença no Brasil. A indústria farmacêutica foi a grande responsável pelo desenvolvimento de ensaios clínicos de medicamentos (55,3%). O financiamento privado predominou (57,1%); entretanto, considerando-se apenas os estudos com doenças da pobreza, 63,1% foram financiados por recursos públicos. Conclusões. Os ensaios clínicos com medicamentos realizados no Brasil nos últimos anos possuem relativa conformidade com a proporção de carga de doenças. Porém, as doenças da pobreza não foram prioritárias. São necessárias ações mais efetivas para redirecionar a pesquisa clínica com medicamentos ao atendimento das necessidades nacionais.

Objective. To identify clinical drug trials performed in Brazil between 2012 and 2015, with emphasis on those focusing on neglected diseases of poverty. Method. Two clinical trial registries, ReBEC (Brazilian registry) and ClinicalTrials.gov were surveyed. The following aspects were investigated: distribution of clinical trials in relation to the burden of disease in Brazil, distribution of trials regarding their focus on diseases of poverty vs. diseases not linked to poverty, phase of trials, performing institution, and type of funding (private, public, or mixed). Results. The search revealed 866 eligible trials, 88 registered in ReBEC and 778 in ClinicalTrials.gov. Of these, 73 (8.5%) were phase I trials, 610 (70.5%) were phase II and III trials, and 183 (21%) were phase IV trials. There were 38 trials (4%) focusing on neglected diseases of poverty. Regarding the burden of disease, 734 (84.8%) trials focused on noncommunicable diseases, which in fact represent the largest burden of disease in Brazil. Most trials were carried out by pharmaceutical companies (55.3%), with predominance of private funding (57.1%); however, if only the diseases of poverty are considered, 63.1% were financed by public resources. Conclusions. The clinical drug trials carried out in Brazil in the study period are in agreement with the proportional burden of disease for the country. However, the neglected diseases of poverty were not prioritized. More effective action is necessary to redirect clinical research on drug development to meet national needs.

[Priorities of clinical drug trials in Brazil and neglected diseases of poverty]. / Prioridades da pesquisa clínica com medicamentos no Brasil e as doenças da pobreza.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical drug trials performed in Brazil between 2012 and 2015, with emphasis on those focusing on neglected diseases of poverty. METHOD: Two clinical trial registries, ReBEC (Brazilian registry) and ClinicalTrials.gov were surveyed. The following aspects were investigated: distribution of clinical trials in relation to the burden of disease in Brazil, distribution of trials regarding their focus on diseases of poverty vs. diseases not linked to poverty, phase of trials, performing institution, and type of funding (private, public, or mixed). RESULTS: The search revealed 866 eligible trials, 88 registered in ReBEC and 778 in ClinicalTrials.gov. Of these, 73 (8.5%) were phase I trials, 610 (70.5%) were phase II and III trials, and 183 (21%) were phase IV trials. There were 38 trials (4%) focusing on neglected diseases of poverty. Regarding the burden of disease, 734 (84.8%) trials focused on noncommunicable diseases, which in fact represent the largest burden of disease in Brazil. Most trials were carried out by pharmaceutical companies (55.3%), with predominance of private funding (57.1%); however, if only the diseases of poverty are considered, 63.1% were financed by public resources. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical drug trials carried out in Brazil in the study period are in agreement with the proportional burden of disease for the country. However, the neglected diseases of poverty were not prioritized. More effective action is necessary to redirect clinical research on drug development to meet national needs.

The cost of excessive postoperative use of antimicrobials: the context of a public hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the improper use of antimicrobials during the postoperative period and its economic impact. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study by collecting data from medical records of 237 patients operated on between 01/11/08 and 31/12/08. RESULTS: from the 237 patients with the information collected, 217 (91.56%) received antimicrobials. During the postoperative period, 125 (57.7%) patients received more than two antimicrobials. On average, 1.7 ± 0.6 antimicrobials were prescribed to patients, the most commonly prescribed antibiotic being cephalothin, in 41.5% (154) of cases. The direct cost of antimicrobial therapy accounted for 63.78% of all drug therapy, this large percentage being attributed in part to the extended antimicrobial prophylaxis. In the case of clean operations, where there was a mean duration of 5.2 days of antibiotics, antimicrobials represented 44.3% of the total therapy cost. CONCLUSION: The data illustrate the impact of overuse of antimicrobials, with questionable indications, creating situations that compromise patient safety and increasing costs in the assessed hospital.

The cost of excessive postoperative use of antimicrobials: the context of a public hospital / Consequências do uso excessivo de antimicrobianos no pós-operatório: o contexto de um hospital público

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the improper use of antimicrobials during the postoperative period and its economic impact. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study by collecting data from medical records of 237 patients operated on between 01/11/08 and 31/12/08. RESULTS: from the 237 patients with the information collected, 217 (91.56%) received antimicrobials. During the postoperative period, 125 (57.7%) patients received more than two antimicrobials. On average, 1.7 ± 0.6 antimicrobials were prescribed to patients, the most commonly prescribed antibiotic being cephalothin, in 41.5% (154) of cases. The direct cost of antimicrobial therapy accounted for 63.78% of all drug therapy, this large percentage being attributed in part to the extended antimicrobial prophylaxis. In the case of clean operations, where there was a mean duration of 5.2 days of antibiotics, antimicrobials represented 44.3% of the total therapy cost. CONCLUSION: The data illustrate the impact of overuse of antimicrobials, with questionable indications, creating situations that compromise patient safety and increasing costs in the assessed hospital. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar o emprego de antimicrobianos relacionado ao seu uso inadequado e impacto econômico durante o período pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: foi desenvolvido um estudo de coorte prospectivo por meio da coleta de dados de 237 prontuários de pacientes operados entre 01/11/08 e 31/12/08. RESULTADOS: dos 237 pacientes com informações coletadas no estudo 217 (91,56%) fizeram uso de antimicrobianos. Durante o pós-operatório, 125 (57,7%) pacientes utilizaram mais de dois antimicrobianos. Foi prescrito, em média, 1,7 ± 0,6 antimicrobianos por paciente, sendo o antimicrobiano mais prescrito a cefalotina, em 41,5% (154) dos casos. O custo direto da terapia antimicrobiana representou 63,78% de toda a terapia farmacológica, sendo esta grande porcentagem atribuída em parte ao prolongamento da profilaxia antimicrobiana. No caso das operações limpas, onde houve um tempo médio de uso de antimicrobianos de 5,2 dias, os gastos com antimicrobianos representaram 44,3% do custo total da terapia. . CONCLUSÃO: os dados exemplificam o impacto do uso excessivo de antimicrobianos, com indicações questionáveis e criando situações que comprometem a segurança dos pacientes e aumento os custos no hospital avaliado. .

[Indicators for drug selection in health systems: an integrative review]. / Indicadores da seleção de medicamentos em sistemas de saúde: uma revisão integrativa.

OBJECTIVE: To produce a panel of the main drug selection indicators by performing an integrative literature review. METHODS: After the elaboration of a review protocol, searches were conducted in LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, and SciELO databases. The following search terms were used: "indicators"; "criteria"; "drug selection"; "pharmacy and therapeutics committee"; and "medication form"; with the applicable variations in English and Spanish. Sixteen original articles published between January 1996 and March 2012 were retrieved and reviewed to compose a panel of indicators. RESULTS: Forty-five quantitative and qualitative indicators were identified. These indicators were grouped according to conceptual similarities in three categories: 1) assessment of pharmacy and therapeutics committee structure; 2) evaluation of the general processes of drug selection; and 3) evaluation of the results of drug selection. CONCLUSIONS: The indicators identified reveal relative uniformity in the established patterns for drug selection. The group of indicators established in this study should serve as reference for the development and consolidation of drug selection in public health services.

Indicadores da seleção de medicamentos em sistemas de saúde: uma revisão integrativa / Indicators for drug selection in health systems: an integrative review

OBJETIVO: Obter um painel dos principais indicadores utilizados para a seleção de medicamentos por meio da realização de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. MÉTODOS: Após elaborar um protocolo de revisão, foram realizadas buscas nas bases LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase e SciELO. Foram utilizados os descritores "indicadores", "critérios", "seleção de medicamentos", "comitê de farmácia e terapêutica" e "formulário de medicamentos", com suas variações em inglês e espanhol. Foram selecionados e revisados 16 artigos originais publicados entre janeiro de 1996 e março de 2012 para compor um painel de indicadores. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 45 indicadores quantitativos e qualitativos. Esses indicadores foram agrupados de acordo com semelhanças conceituais em três categorias: 1) avaliação da estrutura da comissão de farmácia e terapêutica; 2) avaliação dos processos gerais de seleção de medicamentos; e 3) avaliação dos resultados da seleção de medicamentos. CONCLUSÕES: Os indicadores avaliados demonstram relativa uniformidade nos padrões estabelecidos para a seleção de medicamentos. O grupo de indicadores estabelecidos neste estudo deve servir como referência para fomento e consolidação dessa atividade nos serviços de saúde pública.

OBJECTIVE: To produce a panel of the main drug selection indicators by performing an integrative literature review. METHODS: After the elaboration of a review protocol, searches were conducted in LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, and SciELO databases. The following search terms were used: "indicators"; "criteria"; "drug selection"; "pharmacy and therapeutics committee"; and "medication form"; with the applicable variations in English and Spanish. Sixteen original articles published between January 1996 and March 2012 were retrieved and reviewed to compose a panel of indicators. RESULTS: Forty-five quantitative and qualitative indicators were identified. These indicators were grouped according to conceptual similarities in three categories: 1) assessment of pharmacy and therapeutics committee structure; 2) evaluation of the general processes of drug selection; and 3) evaluation of the results of drug selection. CONCLUSIONS: The indicators identified reveal relative uniformity in the established patterns for drug selection. The group of indicators established in this study should serve as reference for the development and consolidation of drug selection in public health services.